Reflection on Teaching Essay Example for Free

Reflection on Teaching EssayIn order to challenge my speculation of teaching I first study very briefly to define it. When I was taught science it was mostly by means of direct teaching. Any experiments performed were deductive in nature with very little input from me. When I got to college and I started performing experiments then I suddenly started having little epiphanies where facts I had learned off by heart were unexpectedly tie ined in federal agencys I hadnt understood before. So I came to see that this was what was lacking at secondary level, the observational experience that allowed people to physically test the how of the world around them. To put it simply people are innately curious and that exploiting this curiosity is the way to teach. From the heartbeat they learn to talk, children constantly ask questions about everything, from where eyebrows seed from? to what do worms eat? Asking questions is the way they find things out and this really is just champ ion minute step away from training.From personal experience of teaching I think that Arnstine (1967) was correct when he said the arousal of curiosity can lead to learnfor discipline to occur, curiosity must(prenominal) be guided. Designing lessons in such a way as to tap into the natural curiosity of bookmans and to connect the topics on the curriculum with their everyday experiences is surely the best way to teach science. I find enquiry / constructivism extremely interesting as it encapsulates the whole relieve oneself their attention approach but I think its mis usance by an awful lot of people. I think that analogies and real world examples need to be reflective of the scientific concept yet simple enough that the pupil can grasp it. Also it requires that the student be actively involved, activities must provide the opportunity to demonstrate learning.To instruct someone is not a matter of getting him to commit results to mind. Rather, it is to teach him to participate i n the process that makes think fitted the establishment of friendship. We teach a subject not to produce little living libraries on that subject, but rather to get a student to think mathematically for himself, to consider matters as an historian does, to take part in the process of knowledge-getting.Knowing is a process not a product. (Bruner. J, The Process of cultivation Towards a theory of culture 1966 72) So in approaching this assignment I realise that I am an ardent supporter of teaching through enquiry. I agree with Bruners theoretical framework of building on pre-existing knowledge by presenting new material in a logical vogue at a level the student can understand, revisiting topic in stages and building layers of ever increasing complexity. I find the concept of a curl curriculum to be a sensible one, but also to be at odds with the way in which individual schools plan the teaching of science. at that place is far too much relience on the text book, with strict adhe rence to the material inside. I prefer to leave the text book at home, for the student to be assigned reading and questions from it for homework so that it is new and different and provides a slightly different aspect to the equivalent topic.At the very least(prenominal) it give provide the same information as was covered in differentiate in a slightly different manner and provoke phone instead of boredom. A consequence of supporting enquiry is an aversion to direct teaching. Those who support direct teaching say that it is a highly effective rule of teaching. The basic components are careful content analysis, sequencing of information and use of appropriate examples, specific instructional formats where both teacher and student responses are scripted and exam to mastery. The part that receives the most criticism is the scripted responses. Here is an example I run aground at Brainsarefun.com http//brainsarefun.com/Teachtk.html EXAMPLE1. All Teacher and students touch the ans wer to be learned.2. Teacher The answer to this question is, 1492.3. Teacher When I signal I want you to answer, 1492.4. Teacher The answer is 1492.5. Teacher What year did Columbus discover the States?6. Teacher Get ready. Watch the students to make sure all participate.7. Teacher Signal by pointing or snapping fingers.8. All 1492.9. Teacher Thats right, Columbus discovered the States in 1492.10. Teacher Reward. Good job saying 1492. Make eye contact with individuals. Smile. 11. Teacher Next answer, or repeat until everyone is participating and firm. If any student is unable to participate or answer correctly, start at the top of the sequence again.Most teachers believe that this type of teaching is too restrictive and prevents the students from underdeveloped critical thinking skills. I nourish to say that on my first reading of this example of direct teaching I was horrified at the way the students were indoctrinated. I knew that this method of teaching was not for me and I con tinued to develop my lesson plans a dogged the constructivist enquiry model. I researched guided discovery and found that discovery learning is described as an inquiry-based, constructivist learning theory that occurs in situations where the learner draws on their existing knowledge to discover facts and comprehend relationships. Students interact with the world by manipulating objects, grappler with questions or performing experiments.As a result, students are more likely to remember concepts and knowledge discovered on their own (in contrast to a contagion / direct teaching model). Proponents of discovery learning say it has many advantages, including encouraging active engagement, promoting motivation, autonomy, responsibility, independence, aiding the development of creativity and problem solving skills and is a tailored learning experience that helps minimize classroom management problems. Detractors point out the amount of time needed to teach a topic and that students do not ever achieve the intended outcome of the lesson. That is they may draw erroneous conclusions about the investigation they are engaged in.My action researchNow that I have explored my theories on teaching I need to test those theories by comparing the outcomes of direct versus enquiry teaching. Ideally in order to compare the two methods I should keep the conditions of the lessons the same and only change the method of instruction. Rigor woulddictate that I teach two groups of students that have been randomly segregated. The students would be in the same year of secondary school and assumed to be at the same academic level. Ability within each group would be expected to mime normal distribution with some students excelling and some struggling with the curriculum content. Unfortunately in my teaching practice placement I have one class of first years and one class of second years. I am also following a subject plan laid down by the science department in the placement school, which further restricts my research topic.Hence rather than directly compare and contrast two sets of lesson plans that differ in instruction but not content, I shall attempt to make my methods of instruction the subject of the action research. My intention is to design a number of lesson plans along the guidelines of both approaches and to refund these lessons as independent of personal bias as possible. I shall assess the success of each lesson plan as a measure of student treasure and under a number of points such as participation, motivation to learn, interest of students, as well as proficiency in summative tests. Bearing in mind my own learning, I will also be critically examining something about my ability to deliver a constructivist lesson do I do as I say? In assessing participation of students I will make reference to number, frequency and relevance of questions asked.Time spent on-task will be used to measure motivation and interest as will content of questions asked. In line with standard research methods I established a baseline of knowledge on the topic of energy by giving the students a questionnaire which was designed to probe existing conceptions. (more here on the results of the questionnaire) From my understanding of enquiry teaching in that location seems to be a number of activities that should feature in my lesson plans and I have tried to incorporate these in the enquiry based lesson plans. I have include a list of these activities here and have also identified them in the appropriate lesson plans.Enquiry activities Think about scientifically orientated questions that are at an appropriate level and ask how rather than why (teacher provides questions at first) Gather and consider evidence using the tools of science Make explanations based on prior(prenominal) gain fact and new knowledge gained through the process of enquiry / evidence gathering Compareconclusions to currently scientific understanding and account for differences snuff it and negotiate their findings and explanations with othersAfter the brainstorming session I jotted down as many of the words and phrases as I could during class. Light, wave, geothermal, heat, renewable, sun, plants, photosynthesis, comes from food, plants make it, atomic bombs, it keeps you moving, you are deteriorate without it, it can change, theres energy in batteries, joules, oil. Then I asked a series of questions designed to clarify facts that they needed to know (3A6 Energy, 3A7 Energy novelty Junior Certificate Science Syllabus). From the answers it was clear to me that the students could not distinguish between forms of energy and sources of energy. Because the discussion section of the enquiry lesson plan is open-ended I was able to direct questions and highlight information on the board that students could use to discover facts.I tried to give minimum guidance but I found that the students were floundering and unsure of what they were trying to accomplish. This was a recurring theme during the discovery lesson plans and it seems to me from my readings that this is the main detracting feature of enquiry instruction. Those who oppose constructivist / enquiry instruction such as Kisherner, Sweller and Clark (2006) palisade that minimum guidance during instruction does not work and Clark (1989) goes further to suggest that his data shows that lower aptitude students show a loss of learning on post instructional testing.My ConclusionIt is essential that the teacher do research work, i.e., he should comb the subject of chemistry from end to end for facts and for methods of exposition that will make such facts live and real to his students. (Patrick, W. A. (1924) What kind of research is essential to good teaching? J. Chemical Education, Volume 1, Issue 1, p16.)I have come to the conclusion that there is a need for direct teaching in the classroom in order to build up foundation of facts in long term memory to provide wellspring of knowledge which ca n be used to provide data when needed. Enquiry or discovery learning encourages the use of this knowledgeso that students can put facts together to think critically. Dewey supported inductive teaching as the way to improve scientific teaching for a better educated society and said science lessons should include learning the process of science not just the facts, (Dewey, 1903). By this I believe he meant that the two methods complement each other and need to be used in tandem. But direct teaching cannot be taken as an alleviate for unimaginative lessons recycled every year with minimal input from the teacher needed in the delivery. If investigatory activities are designed deductively, ie have only one conclusion, need more here about factors to consider when designing lesson activities.

Personal Development in Health Essay Example for Free

Personal Development in Health EssayOutcome 1 Understand what is required for competence in own work roleDescribe the duties and responsibilities of own work role.On a day to day foundation the daily jobs are as followsDaily weekly jobsAm Check money tinsVisual fall over of home and exteriorSupport clients in eatSupport Clients in getting up and showering if neededMedication at 9amHandover form Early to Mid shift if neededSupport clients in their jobs suffer administration jobs to be completed throughout day inc SWIMS, Time Sheets, Emails, objectives, my way forward etc. Link working with clients Answer phone, and complete anything as it comes inPrepare lunch and dinnerMedication at 1pmHandover to PM staff at 2pm as long as is neededPM need to check money tinsCheck jobs and clean etc if neededSupport clients as needed4.45 medication before M shift goes5.30 evening meal is servedAny PM specific cleaning jobs9pm Sleep shift comes on with Handover9.30 Evening Medication is givenS leep shift checks fridge and freezer temperaturesSleep specific jobs confab cleaning list by microwaveClosing checks of HomeAssist clients to bed if neededOn the wider scale my job is as followsJOB answerTo provide care and jut out to individuals residing in a Registered Care Home setting.CLIENT SUPPORT To actively seek to empower service users to gain and concord control over all aspects of their lives To support clients with personal care as detailed in care plans developed by others ensuring they are treated with self-respect and respect at all times To undertake tasks as directed by Senior Registered Support Worker and/or Service Manager To support clients with laundry activities To order food for the RCH and/or support clients with shopping To support and /or accompany clients to collect benefits or other Continues for 9 more pages take in full document Full access is free for premium users.Add to Library (0) DownloadPrint Report this EssayFacebookTwitterGoogle+SendRa te This Document4.5 12345 usher full documentFull access is free for premium users.Document DetailsViews 168Words 2433Related EssaysUnit 332 restrain in p page 1 Kathryn Di Terlizzi Unit 332 operate on in personal development in health, social care10 Pages October 2013Engage in Personal DevelEngage in personal development in health, social care or childrens and young peoples settings.6 Pages October 2012Sc32 Engage in PersonalSC32 Engage in personal development in health, social care or childrens and young peoples10 Pages March 2013SHC 32 Engage in personSHC 32 Engage in personal development in health, social care or childrens and young peoples6 Pages March 2014Unit Shc22 IntroductioSHC 22 1.1 Describe and explain the duties and responsibilities of your own work role.7 Pages November 2011

Security Assessment and Recommendations Essay Example for Free

Security Assessment and Recommendations EssayCompany OverviewAircraft Solutions (AS) is a recognized attraction in the design and fabrication of component products and services for companies in the electronics, commercial, defense, and aerospace industry. Located in Southern California, AS has a dedicated, trained workforce and maintains a bad capacity plant and extensive equipment to meet practiseer requirements. Much of the equipment is automated to increase production while reducing costs. The companys workforce has a large adroitness base design engineers, programmers, machinists, and assembly personnel to work its highly-automated production systems. The mission of AS is to provide customer success through machined products and related services, and to meet cost, quality, and entry requirements. The company strategy is to offer low-cost design and computer-aided modeling packages to customers to reduce their development expenses. AS will help the customer through all ph ases of reinvigorated product deployment, from initial prototypes through final large-volume production and assembly. By involving itself in all phases of customer product development, AS hopes to establish long-term relationships and secure retell follow-on business with its customers. In addition, AS continues to invest heavily in workforce education and training, so as to improve capability to serve its customers.Company geographical LayoutAircraft Solutions headquarters is in San Diego, California. The Commercial Division (CD) is 40 miles east in San Diego County. The Defense Division (DD) is located in Orange County in the city of Santa Ana, California. These geographic locations are close to intermodal transport hubs that have global reach. Products can be easily shipped anywhere in the world by combined truck, rail, ship, and air merchant marine methods.The system administrators are members of an information technology (IT) group within the organization. They are responsi ble for selecting and installing hardware, software and related upgrades, implementing information security measures, and maintaining support to figure the manufacturing execution system is working properly. They also are heavily involved in training the workforce to use and interact with the information systems.Their duties include readying for and responding to emergency events such as power outages, attempts at cyber-attack, and natural disasters. The users at AS are employees, customers, suppliers, and contractors who need to admission the company ne devilrk. System access by users at different levels of the network is set strictly on a need-to-know basis. Controls are in place to secure confidential and proprietary information from unauthorized access. Users are responsible for entering and processing selective information and information, such as generating reports to be used for decision- devising.Business ProcessAS uses Business Process instruction ( beats per minute) t o handle end-to-end processes that span multiple systems and organizations. The BPM system is designed to connect customers, vendors, and suppliers to share information and maintain a timely business dialogue. BPM also aligns internal business operations with IT support to maintain production in support of customer requirements. Business process effectiveness begins with the IT organization. Customer data such as hurl information, computer-aided design and development models are sorted and stored in designated servers. The Design Engineering division is responsible for reviewing the electronic models, interacting with the customer and making necessary modifications with customer approval, then placing them in an Engineering Release (ER) directory for programming.As soon as these electronic models are released, programmers use them to create production programs. alone final programs must be thoroughly verified for accuracy before releasing to the Proof For Production (PFP) directo ry for manufacturing to make the production first article. From the production floor, machinists download PFP programs directly to their DCNC (Direct Computer Numerical Control) machines for execution.After any further processing, completed products are inspected for verification to customer requirements, then they are moved to the Shipping department for delivery. A continuous improvement and feedback loop system is in used to correct any deficiencies in the production process. The BPM system is capable of discussion multiple projects simultaneously across every department of the company. BPM is set up to manage all aspects of business operations, including accounting, human resources, sales and marketing, and compliance activities concurrently.stream IT ArchitectureThe figures shown below depict the current IT architecture and present network infrastructure of Aircraft Solutions.Security Controls in PlaceThe current security controls include autarkical anti-virus software on eve ry workstation and server, host-based intrusion detection systems on the servers in the corporate office. Security policy requires that all firewalls and router rule sets are evaluated every two years and that all local servers are backed up to network attached storage devices maintained at the server location.Scenario TwoCompany Overview look weathervane Design (QWD) is an organization that specializes in Web site and Web content design for all types of businesses. QWDs mission is to provide top quality Web design that will increase consumer generated revenue to QWDs customer Web sites. QWDs database contains over 250,000 proprietary images and graphical designs that will enhance most Web sites appeal to a target demographic.Business ProcessesQuality Web Design has several mission critical business processes. First is the use of the repository of Web site templates, custom written scripts and/or custom applications. This repository is stored in a Microsoft Visual Studio Team Found ation Service (TFS) server. This application is used to monitor the project development lifecycle of custom Visual Studio applications from inception to deployment, including the quality assurance testing phase. Other critical business processes are QWDs accounting, payroll and Marketing operations all of which are supported by IT assets. There are strict technology-based access controls associated with each of these systems to ensure that only authorized personnel can access them.Security ControlsThere is a published corporate security manual that covers the following security practices. Username standard including having a separate account for any wonderful privileges. Password length, complexity, rotation and history requirements. Data classification levels depend upon what type of data each system contains and security group accounts control access to each data classification level. Security training is also describe and required communications quarterly and annual training cla sses.

Differentation strategies and its use by organizations

Differentation strategies and its ingestion by constitutionsAn governing that adopts a differentiation dodging seeks to distinguish itself from competitors by means of the quality of its harvests or service. Organizations that successfully implement a differentiation schema atomic number 18 able-bodied to charge up much than competitors beca exercise nodes are willing to pay more to obtain the extra value they perceive. For example in case of Rolex they pursue a differentiation system, Rolex watches are handmade precious metals like gold or platinum and stainless(prenominal) steel and are subject to strenuous tests of quality and reliability. The firms reputation enables it to charge thousands of dollars for its watches. (..)Firms use differentiation scheme to achieve a emulous vantage by providing unique intersections and these proceedss attributes high quality and innovations. Differentiation is not just limited to the product but it also covers the deli genuinely system and more other factors. Firms provide additional services to its customers with these differentiation characteristics which brings more profit with a premium bell. Porter (1985), further suggests that these two generic strategies are basically contradictory to each other and its important for the cable to choose one of them. Cost leader tummy however gain the high performance if the backup offer a satisfactory level of value to its customers which fulfilling the demand of their customers. Similarly differentiation schema will only(prenominal) be successfully if the premium scathe of the product charged to customers characterized with some expensive features and customers are satisfied with that (Porter, 1985).There are many another(prenominal) factors which results in differentiation. some of them are,To pulsate under ones skin a war-ridden leap on its rivals.To facilitates the entry restrictions for newcomers by building a new productTo minimize the threats from its substitutes.To create a differentiation advantage1Different areas of differentiation plot Porter bases his exercise on manufacturer, Walters Knee (1989) suggest a similar conceptual present for retailers with productivity led (e.g. effective terms management and economies of casings) and grocery storeing led differentiation (e.g. product lead, range characteristics or customer services). This model is similar to Porters generic strategies.Only one empirical study stress on differentiation analyses within the retailing. Morschett, Swoboda Schramm-Klein (2006) surveyed managers of food retailers and customers in Germany, Switzerland and Austria. Hyper commercializes, super food market, convenience stores, discounters and other were analyzed ground on a pool of items derived by marketing mix elements. It provides leaven of three differentiation strategies Price, quality (goods and services) and convenience.Reilly (2002) suggests that differentiation is one the key business strategy of Porter. Bauer and Colgan (2001) said that when a participation use differentiation strategy, it direction on providing a product or service with unique features. Product differentiation satisfies the particular proposition needs of customer and it al ruggeds the company to charge a premium price which protagonists the organization to capture the market dower. The differentiation strategy only gets implemented effectively if the business provides product of superior quality and after sale support. Organizations charge higher prices to its customers when they follow the differentiation strategy based on the product features, their customer service and the delivery system business use. The quality it offers to its customer can be real or distinguished based on the fashion or trademark yell. The differentiation strategy fulfills the peculiar(prenominal) or complicated customers touch in a unique and higher quality product and for which he is ready to pay a higher price.When organization use the differentiation strategy wherefore it must be ready to add a premium to the approach but it is not to recommend that costs and prices are not be considered but is not the main focus of the organization. However as the customers likes the product because of its uniqueness and higher quality so they become loyal to the business and do not mind in paying the higher price for the products (Hlavacka et al., 2001)Sources of DifferentiationIts not only the low prices of products that can create the differentiation of company from other but offering a unique product to its customer can create a differentiation to its competitors. That unique product should be more valuable to its customers. Differentiation also happened that how a company perform its function and what electrical shocks does it pass on on its buyers. For example differentiation enables the company to meets the demands of its customers anywhere. It should beget uniqueness and must have superior quality of its product as compared to its competitors.Factors/ Drivers for DifferentiationLocation- This is a very important for an organization to have a uniqueness in respect to its competitors. If the organization have its branch at a location which is easily accessible to its customers as compared to the others companys stores and so the store will defiantly will have a competitive touch on the others organizations.Integration- An organization will be considered to have uniqueness its level of integration is high, its mean its level of coordination of value activities is high therefore it will create differentiation.Timing- An organization can effectively adopt a differentiation strategy if its timing of enchasing the opportunities is well on time. It will create uniqueness in the organization.Interrelationships- Customers can be offered better services by using effectively the different activities in the company.Scale- If the goods are produced at a pocket-siz e scale then the uniqueness of the products will be lost over a long period of time. Larger the scale of goods and services then there will more uniqueness. Differentiation of the organization depends on the volume of uniqueness.Learning- In order to perform well in the market a continuous learning subprogram should be adopted.Institutional factors- If the management will have good relation with its staff that mean company will be having a good impact on its sale. This will also create uniqueness.Waitrose Quality Differentiation systemWaitrose has a differentiation strategy of quality product and services to its customers. It has a strategy in providing quality goods which are unique in the market to customers which helps Waitrose to differentiate itself with its competitors. Waitrose also pays too much attention in providing the goods with its own brand name and its specifically target a elite class of the market who dont care paying little bit much for scoop out quality product . tenseness StrategyA firm pursuing focus strategy concentrates on a specific regional markets, product line, or group of buyers. This strategy may have either a differentiation focus, whereby the firms differentiate its products in the focus market, or an overall cost leadershiphip focus, whereby the firm manufactures and sell its products at a low cost in a focus market2Focus strategy is different from other strategies of a business as it remains a separate based and has a comparatively narrow scope in any business. In the focus strategy a organization target a specific divide of the market (Porter, 1979 pp.137-140).So what kind of market to be targeted, McCracken (2002), suggests that a organization can select a specific group of customers, a specific range of product, specific areas or some specific services for the customers. For example some European firm specifically concentrates on the European markets for its products.Aims of adopting a Focus strategy according to Porter (1980), is to achieve a narrow competitive advantage in the market. Focus aims is to concentrate on a niche market with its product that has been ignored by other larger competitors in the market. A specific geography, buyers buy behavior, different ethnic peoples demand and product features all makes niches for a organization.David (2000), Focus strategy of a organization can only be successful if the target segment have the potential to make good emersion and it does not carry any importance to other competitors. Market penetration and market development can make an important focus strategy. Larger or medium organization use focus strategies but only with the combination of differentiation and cost leadership strategies in some segment of the market. The successfulness of the focus strategies depend only if the people have some specific demands and when there is not competition for other rivals.(David, 2000)Organization which adopts focus strategy in the business concentrates m ore on niche market and by understanding the dynamics of that particular market and work on the particular needs of the market and then try to produce unique product which fulfill the needs of that particular market. As that organization serves well to their customers in uniqueness, so they create a brand name in the mind of the people and create loyalty brand amongst the customers as well. This makes that particular market segment less attractive to its competitors. As with broad market strategies, it will be essential to decide whether organization pursue Cost leadership strategy or Differentiation strategy once a company have selected a focus strategy as a main approach. Firms that manage to adopt a focus strategy are able to tailor a large number of product developments strengths to relatively narrow market segment that they know very well. Focus strategy has two variants, which areCost focus is a variant where the organization looks for a cost advantage in a target segment. Th is is niche low cost strategy where the organization gets cost advantage in the focusers target segment. According to Porters Cost focus exploits differences in behavior in some segmentsDifferentiation focus is where an organization looks for differentiation in the target segment. In this strategy the organization offers to its customers something different to its customers from rivals.Following are the situations where a focus strategy is efficientMarket segment has to be large enough to be profitable more customers will bring more profit for the organization.Market segment has good growth potentials. graduate(prenominal) costs are difficult for the rivals to fulfill the demands of the niche.Focuser has to be able to choose from different segment of the market3Tesco Express StoresTesco express stores are neighbor goon convenience shops, stocking mainly food with an emphasis on higher margin products alongside everyday essentials. These are found in busy city centers and small shop ping mall in residential areas and on petrol station forecourts. There are more than 700 stores all over UK. Tesco Express is gaining a competitive edge in the small scale grocery market as it is providing additional gasoline facility as well.Cost Leadership StrategyA strategy in which an organization attempt to gain a competitive advantage by reduction its cost below the costs of competing firm. By tutelage costs low, the organization is able to sell its products at low prices and still make a profit. Timex uses an overall cost leadership strategy. For decades, this firm has specialized in manufacturing relatively simple low cost watches for the mass market. The prices of the Timex watches starting around 39.95 dollars are low because company has an efficient high volume manufacturing capacity.4The firms operating in this highly competitive are always desires to be more and more successful. To stay in this competitive environment the company should have an competitive edge on its rivals. In order to have a competitive edge on its rivals the company should be selling its goods to its customers at lowest price with best quality as compared to its competitors.Porter (1980), suggest that in order to achieve the competitive advantage there are fundamentally two different approaches and those two approaches are cost leadership and differentiation strategies. In cost leadership strategy the business look for gaining the above average sale over its competitors with reducing the prices of all the elements of activities. To achieve the cost advantage of this nature, the organizations will employ the considerable efforts to reduce the cost of operating and production and will try hard to use all the available resources to their maximum level, including increasing the utilization of R D and advertising.(Porter, 1980)According to Malburg (2000), there is another strategy of Porters generic strategies which is cost leadership strategy. This strategy is about achieving a competitive advantage in the market by reducing the prices of products. In order to have a competitive advantage, business must focus on the low cost leadership strategy, low cost production and labor which committed to the low cost strategy. The business must be ready to banish all the production activities in which they dont have any cost advantage and must outsourcing all the operations to other businesses which have the cost advantage in the market. He further suggest that there are many areas in which cost leadership can be attained such(prenominal) as production on large scale, mass distribution, innovation of technology, improved product design, access to the raw materials and full utilization of available resources. Porter (1985), purports that only one business in a market can be the cost leader.Porter (1985), stressed there is incompatibility in between cost leadership and differentiation strategy, for instance he believe that differentiation is costly as compared to dif ferentiation. He also used the sentence struck in the essence to put more stress that by combining the cost leadership and differentiation strategy will not results into a prolong competitive advantage. precisely Hill (1988) and Miller (1992), argued that that it is not only possible to combine both strategies but the combination of these two strategies will produce a competitive advantage for the business.Businesses which adopt differentiation strategy target a specific segment of the market and this strategy also has a broad scope. In the both cut down cost strategy and differentiation strategy the businesses concentrates on larger segment of the market. An organization which adopt the lowest cost strategy or differentiation strategy that has a aim to focus on one target segment of the market or few defined segments of the market carry out focus strategy. There are two parts of the focus strategy one is lowest costs focus and the other one is differentiation focus7. (Bas P. Sing er, 2007)Product Portfolio Strategy, BCG ground substanceThe notion of portfolio exists in many areas of life, not just for products. A broad portfolio means that business has a presence in a wide range of products and market sectors. A narrow portfolio implies that the organization operates in only a few or even in one product or market sector.A broad portfolio offers the advantage of robustness in that a downturn in one market will not threaten the whole company.The capital of Massachusetts consulting group matrix offers a way of examining and making a sense of a companys portfolio of product and market interests. It is a way of examining a whole product range to see a companys product as a collection of items in similar way that a holder of shares in several companies skill the consider the decision on what to do with the shares.One of looking at the products in a portfolio is to considers each product in its position in the product life cycle and aims to have a balance of prod ucts in each stage. A more sophisticated approach is based on the idea that the market share in mature markets is highly correlated with profitability and that is relatively less expensive and less risky to attempt to win a share in the growth stage of the market when there will be many new customers making their first purchase. This is the approach taken by BCG matrix. It is use to analyze the product range with a view to aiding decision on how the products should be treated in an internal strategic analysis.BCG Growth Share intercellular substanceBCG, it is a management tool which helps for four distinct purposes. Product portfolio can be classified into four business types by using BCG matrix based on Stars, currency Cows, Question Marks and Dogs. In order to determine that what priorities can be given to a companys product portfolio. It can also be use to classify an organization product portfolio according to that how much cash is generation and how much is usage and it helps the management to adopt different available strategies to give care different product lines. Companies like Apple, Semen, Nokia, Sony, Samsung are engaged in diversify the product lines7.According to Boston consulting there are five different types of businesses which entreat the cash flow in different ratios. First types of businesses bear more cash than they generate the cash and these types of businesses are very common. The second type require less cash to invest in but these businesses generate more cash than actually invested in and these are very few in the market. The third base types of businesses is self sufficient in cash flow and with the passage of time it generate large amount of cash and the fourth type generate less cash but also requires less cash to invest in. The fifth one is stays in unstable condition.Figure 1 Stars Stars are the leaders in the high growth market. These products generates large amount of cash but also requires a large amount of money to in vest in as well. As time passes on the Stars becomes Cash Cows if these maintain there financial position but if they become unable to maintain their positions in the market, they becomes Dogs.Cash Cow Cash cows are the products that require low investment but these products generate high amount of cash. These are the market leaders in the low growth market. the cash cows funds themselves for their own growth. They supply the investment funds for other products. These help to justify the debt capacity for the whole company.Dogs Dogs lots have a unsecure future are they are the drainer on the company as they generate very low amount of cash as they have a low market share in a high growth market.Question Marks Question marks have not achieved a dominant position in the market hence they produce low amount of cash. They require a lot of cash because of the growth market conditions.Tesco has a very good portfolio in the market. Tesco is considered as Cash Cows in the market as it h as a fine record of distributing the fine and quality goods and services to its customers. At the same time it is also considered as Stars because they are investing and making a lot of efforts to its customers in creating awareness about the e-commerce and retailing. Many of Tesco stores stocks more than 40000 product lines and express sores stock more than 2000 product line which helps the customers to choose from different product lines and according to their financial positions.Waitrose on the other hands have a different Portfolio as it has a different strategy as compare to Tesco. Waitrose use quality differentiation strategy and concentrate on specific portion of the market and offers them high quality products at a high prices because of this it is not attracting a large number of customers as compared to the Tesco. So this thing makes roughly of the products of the Waitrose Dogs of the market.Market Growth Strategy, Ansoff MatrixAnsoff matrix is a strategic tool use to mea sure or define the strategic future direction of the business. The model categorizes the options into four generic alternatives to simplify the process.Market penetration existing market/existing productProduct development existing market/existing productMarket development new market/existing marketThe Ansoff Matrix is used with the strategic objective to determine the future direction of the business. A company might be faced with declining sales of its products in the domestic market and will use the Ansoff Matrix to measure out the four generic alternatives for the future. e.g company would evaluate strategies to penetrate the existing market through pricing or augmentd brand loyalty. Another option is to develop the product or change the design, increase the length of the product life cycle and increase the sales. A third option is to export the existing product into other countries or finally stop and completely diversify with new products into new markets.(Diana, 2009)Figure 2 Ansoff Matrix modelMarket PenetrationAnsoff matrix explains that a business attempts to penetrate in a market by using its existing products. Tesco has a history which indicates that it always penetrate in a market with its existing products. It always get benefited from its customers to penetrate into a market. In order to achieve its goals Tesco always uses its strategy in three ways.Tesco attract customers from its competitors then it provides its customers good quality product and then Tesco retains customers as customers feels that it is best provider of goods and services. And thirdly it attract more non user of its products and services by advertising and other promotional strategies.Market Penetration is very important for the Tesco as retaining customers are more important for the Tesco than attracting the new ones.Tesco international expansion strategy has responded to meet the maximum needs of its customers. It is hard to enter into a new country market so Tesco had a strategy to join the local businesses by joint ventures. So this helps Tesco to know that market that what are the demands of the people, their purchasing behavior to foreign goods.Product DevelopmentProduct development is another strategic approach in which new product has been introduced in the market. Tesco always work on the product development by introducing new products in the market in order to satisfy the needs of the customers. Tesco always maximize its profitability by introducing this strategy into the market. Tesco has produce many products and as a market retailer it distribute into the market. Brand loyalty is very important for the Tesco to develop new product. As Tesco has a good reputation of its brand so it does not have to do more advertising in order to attract more customer to buy any new product. Brand loyalty must be conserved in pricing, quality and uniqueness.Market DevelopmentMarket Development happened when a company moves into different countries with its existing products. This strategy is used to find new international markets. Tesco has developed many stores in countries like China, Poland, Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Slovakia, South Korea, Turkey and fall in States. For penetrating into international market, Tesco has adopted a joint venture strategy which helps the company to control its cost and help to know the market.DiversificationTesco is not only sticking to the food items but it also maximizing its profit by selling non food items. Tesco has introduced its own mortgage services, banking and credit card services. It has started to sell the mobiles phones and many other electronic products. The other diversification seen in Tesco is fuel. Tesco has also entered into bio fuel and diesel and bio-diesel and investing more in green energy resources which will help to improve its image as compared to other fuel supplying companies like Shell. B.P8.

Healthcare Policy Making Stages

Healthcare Policy Making StagesRebecah M. DeguitTASK 1It is important to understand the policy development operate so that as an advocate you can plan the type of input you wish in order to pee an impact on the final policy. in that location are five key stages in the wellness policy-making process. For each of the stages listed, explain what is included in the flavor and discuss the processes that are undertaken in the stage.THE political PROCESSINTRODUCTIONA policy is a set of rules governing a community to achieve a desired outcome. It directs actions and decisions towards certain goals to realise the outmatch results. A policy is important in order for individuals to live in harmony within the community.As nurses, it is our duty to be advocates not only for our patients, save also to the public in general. We must(prenominal) know and be familiarized that there are existing regulations or policies that may act as an restraint or opposing our views. To be prospering ad vocates, we should understand these factors so that we may be able to apply or use them properly.BODYBeing advocates, it is necessity to have a clear understanding of how the policies are being developed. This is through in order for us to participate in the process. A policy undergoes divers(prenominal) processes before it is carried out by the authorities. Each phase is equally significant as the next. These key stages includeProblem identification and agenda setting. This is the first step in making a policy. It involves recognizing existing problems, carefully examining those problems and its causes, and doing extensive research and brainstorm of varied ideas to find the possible interventions or solutions. Once it has being identified, a list of prioritized plans will be done. This generally happens when a group of race require government action to an issue(s), or when the public do not equalize on the processes in addressing certain problems.Policy formation. There are s everal potential ways to solve a certain problem so brainstorming is required in formulating a policy. In this process, policy makers come up with new methods of solving the identified problems. People from the legislature and bureaucracy are tough in the process. Among these processes areOrganize the policy process. In this process, policy makers decide how to manage the development process that will classify the policys structure, its study goals, and its priority components. In here, planning of people or groups involved in the process is also recognized.Identify the main problems. This step in policy-making requires trained people from different departments to take part in the analysis and give suggestions on what actions to make in order for the problems to be addressed appropriately. aft(prenominal) they have come up with a proposal, discussion is then made for them to have a unanimous recommendation to the government.Make a detailed situation analysis. In this process, th ere is a need to look at the identified problems more closely and its causes to pinpoint possible interventions, planning what are the things that need to be done first, selection of most appropriate strategies to the desired result is made, and sets a baseline for monitoring and evaluation.Set goals and objectives for a national health policy. After the existing problems have been identified, setting of attainable as well as realistic goals and objectives are done and planning of suitable approaches towards addressing the main problems is made. An example of this may be the need for accessible essential drugs for everyone in the community. Based on the given example, one possible objective would be to make the drugs affordable and increase the supply of medicines curiously in remote areas.Draft the text of the policy. Once systematic analyses of the main objectives, goals and methods have been made, a draft of the text is arranged. It must contain the overall declare oneself of the policy. Mostly, necessary drugs are guaranteed accessible, safe, and of high quality to the residents. The specific goals should also be discussed. With regards to healthcare, a draft outline of the plan of the national drug policy must be arranged. It must establish the broader purpose of the policy. In general, this is to make sure of the availability, dependability, efficiency, and of high quality of vital drugs for the individuals in the community.Circulate and revise the draft policy. After the text of the policies have been drafted, they must be disseminated to all the people concerned, primarily within the ministry of health, then in other departments, and lastly to significant organizations and institutions outside of the government in order for them to give their insights or critics. After an extensive discussion of the draft policies is done, they are then edited and finalized based on the suggestions or critics of the different organizations.Adoption. Following a vari ety of presented plans, one policy is acknowledged by the decision-makers. The adoption of a policy takes place when the Congress passes legislation. Policy adoption requires a lot of time in that a series of processes are made in order to come up with a complex policy.Policy implementation. In this stage, the policy is translated into action. It entails circulation of the facts about the adopted policy and implementing it. Checking of financial resources is important to correspond with the plans and interventions that will be implemented. This step also requires proper communication and cooperation to be successful in applying the policy.Policy monitoring and evaluation. This is the last step of policy-making wherein the policy is being examined and analyzed if it is really addressing the problem being identified and if the goals and objectives were met. In here, people scrutinize the process and the outcomes of the policy. This stage is an ongoing process and may be a basis for mo dification in the agenda, policy formation, or its implementation.CONCLUSIONpolicy-making is then a cyclical and continuous process, with many people being involved in the course of action. The process of creating and adopting laws takes lots of time, and of course, budget. Everyone is influenced by policies in the health care system everyday thus it is important to review them daily so that publics safety and well-being is assured. As nurses work batch in hand with the clients and their families, primarily they are the ones to assess if the health care system is effective or not in dealing with the needs of the clients.REFERENCESHoughton Mifflin Harcourt. (2014). The policymaking process. Retrieved fromhttp//www.cliffsnotes.com/more-subjects/american-government/public-policy/the-policymaking-processMedscape Multispecialty. (2007). Influencing health care in the legislative arena. Retrieved from http//www.medscape.com/viewarticle/553404_4UShistory.org. (2008-2014). Policy making po litical interactions. Retrieved fromhttp//www.ushistory.org/gov/11.aspWorld Health Organization. (n.d.). Health service planning and policy-making a toolkit for nurses and midwives. Retrieved fromhttp//www.wpro.who.int/publications/docs/hsp_mod4_1E08.pdf?ua=1The Texas authorities Project. (n.d.). Policy making and policy implementation. Retrieved from http//texaspolitics.utexas.edu/archive/html/bur/features/0303_01/policy.htmlHuman Info NGO. (2014). The WHO essential medicines and health products information portal. Retrieved from http//apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js2283e/4.2.2.htmlThe Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. (2007). Influencing health care in the legislative arena. Retrieved from http//www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Volume122007/No1Jan07/tpc32_216091.html

Diversity Incident Analysis :: essays research papers

Diversity Incident AnalysisFor this assignment, I chose to analyze the diversity accompanying that is related to multiculturalism. Its the first chance scenario in the exercises section of chapter 9. The case is related to a Mexican immigrant that has been using his available sick days to replete his wife to the doctor, even though she is not ill they are only going for regularly scheduled physical exams. This case involves multiculturalism, and it shows us how, by employing immigrant workers, an agreement can start having all kinds of problems when the right policies and procedures regarding diversity and multicultural environments are not in place.One of the difficulties of accommodating multiculturalism is that defining a multicultural clubhouse or institution seems to be determined by ones perspective. A commonly held view suggests that beingness multicultural involves tolerance towards racial and ethnic minorities, mainly in the areas of dress, language, food, religious b eliefs, and other cultural manifestations. Most organizations nowadays have to deal with multiculturalism in one way or another. The globalization phenomenon has reached most of the civilized world, and organizations that foundert understand or dont realize multicultural workforces are the way of the future are going to be displaced and left behind.This case in particular involves a person using his sick days to take his wife to the doctor, even for just a scheduled check-up. Although company insurance states that sick days may only be used for the illness of an employee or the illness of a member of his/her immediate family, this is a case where multiculturalism in the workplace plays a big role. Due to the fact that in the Mexican culture its the husbands office to take care of the sanitary being of his wife and family, the employee sees his behavior as normal or allowed. On the other hand, the employees supervisor, a white male, sees the situation as a colza of the company po licy and wants to take further action. But, what is the companys human resources department supposed to do? In my opinion, the company should create a more(prenominal) detailed policy regarding sick days, one that takes into account the many different cultural factors that may affect the organization based on the diversity of their workforce. If a better detailed and fair-to-all policy is put in place, little problems like this would be less frequent or inexistent. Its the companys responsibility to modify, add or create policies that are more inclusive and that can be interpreted in a way that seems fair to all participants, being employees, stakeholders and/orients.

Stealing Home :: Essays Papers

Stealing Home Can you imagine living somewhere both your life, and then having a stranger tell you to move? What about having you home taken away from you because you live differently then others? Or even yet, basis you imagine having someone move in next door to you, and you die from a sickness that they brought with them? Native Americans have lived this way since the days of Christopher Columbus. As they were shuffled nigh and pushed westward, the crowd followed, until there was nothing left for them. American Indians roamed the lands of America long before settlers from Europe even dared to travel across the oceans. They lived from and with nature, respecting the laws of life, and cherishing every aspect of their civilization. They hunt and fished, using each part of their prey, wasting nothing. Bones were used for weapons hides, for clothing and shelter. They lived simply. It was impossible to tell that their worlds would be turned upside down. When settlers first arrived i n America, they were greeted by Native Americans. They helped the settlers learn to live the way they did to use nature to its fullest and to respect it. Meanwhile, millions of Indians were dying from the diseases brought over from Europe. Indian villages were burned to stop the spread of disease. The settlers were scared of these diseases that no one seemed to understand. They darned the Native Americans for deaths of settlers that were due to the diseases. This blind blame would be seen later in history, as the railroad invaded the territory of the Native Americans, and they were again blamed for death and warfare. Between the beginning of the Civil War and the Gold Rush of 1849, thousands of emigrants had been crossing the plains in search of gold. The Indians of the North-west generally accepted the government constitution that the land west of the Mississippi River was theirs, and they expected settlers to stay out. Of course, the pioneers needed to cross that territory, wh ich the Native Americans considered sacred hunting grounds (Schmitt 2). The Native Americans first learned of the railroads by runners those who ran the land to learn of gold seekers and settlers moving across the territory. They called the railroad the iron horse on the iron track, and as it moved across the Mississippi, it was evident to them that at one time again, their land would be taken (Schmitt 6-7).