Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business Essay - 9

Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business - Essay Example Essential aspects of a valid contract include an agreement that has to be composed of the element of offer and acceptance. For there to be an agreement there must be two parties involved, the party that makes the offer is known as the offeror while the party to whom the offer is made is known as the offeree. The two parties must come to a consensus on the same thing. Intention to create legal relationship on the part of the parties to the agreement is essential in order to create a legally binding relationship.The consent between the parties to enter in an agreement has to be free and genuine and not forced or entered by mistake or misrepresentation. If in any case the consent is not freely entered,the resultant contract is not valid. The parties entering into a contract should be qualified to enter a contract.The qualification to enter into a contract include being of the right age, sound mind and not disqualified by any law of which the party may be subject. Vicarious liability entails circumstances where the principal is held liable due to the misconduct of his agent (Kraakman 670). The agent in this case can either be an employee in the course of employment, a police officer in charge of a police post, or a partner of a firm in the ordinary course of business. Liability in contracts can only happen if a tort is committed. In this case, the one who commits the tort is an employee while the employee was acting under employment when the tort was committed. In case of employment, employers can only be held liable for torts committed by their employees and not independent contractors. The employer In the case of Limpus v London General Omnibus Co (1862) I H&C 526, it was held liable for bus drivers racing, despite prohibition, causing a collision (Brennan 112). The assumption of vicarious liability is that principals have greater capability

Racial Stereotypes Essay Example for Free

Racial Stereotypes Essay Theoretically, the present work examined the role of personal endorsement of cultural stereotypes. Devine (1989) proposed that because of the repeated and virtually unavoidable exposure to pervasive cultural stereotypes, both high and low prejudiced individuals will automatically activate these representations when they are presented with representations of those groups regardless of their personal level of endorsement of these stereotypes (i. e. , personal stereotypes). Recently, Lepore and Brown (1997) highlighted an important distinction between stereotype priming and category priming. Stereotype priming involves cueing stereotypic characteristics (e. g. , lazy) directly, with or without the category label (e. g. , Black). Categorization priming occurs when only the category (e. g. , Black) is cued in isolation of any stereotypic characteristics. Lepore and Brown noted that Devines (1989, Study 2) research involved both stereotypic priming and category priming simultaneously, and they observed, Many primes had clear negative connotations that could have directly cued hostility (p. 276). The absence of differences in the responses of high and low prejudiced participants in the Devine study may thus have occurred because of the direct activation of semantic associations involved in stereotype priming rather than because of a close association between the category alone and the stereotype. Lepore and Brown (1997) further argued that high-and low-prejudice peoples representations of the social group may not differ in terms of content (at least for stereotype knowledge) but stronger links may have developed for different characteristics (p. 277). Lepore and Brown reasoned that, as a consequence of this differential strength of associative links with the category, high and low prejudiced people would show divergent automatic stereotype activation as a function of category priming. Consistent with their hypothesis, using Devines (1989, Study 2) priming and subsequent impression formation procedure, Lepore and Brown found that when only the category was primed, high prejudiced participants showed evidence of automatic negative stereotype activation, whereas low prejudiced participants did not (and, in fact, tended to show activation of positive associates). When stereotype priming was involved, however, both high and low prejudiced participants demonstrated comparable levels of stereotype activation. The present research further investigated this theoretical issue by directly examining the relation between personal endorsement of cultural stereotypes (shared beliefs about the characteristics possessed by members of a social group) and the activation of these stereotypes within a category priming paradigm. Because participants were given the time and opportunity to ascribe stereotypic traits deliberately to the particular categories, this process is considered to be controlled. Thus, the degree of the participants endorsement of the cultural stereotypes was expected to vary as a function of prejudice (Devine, 1989; Esses et al. , 1993; Lepore Brown, 1997). Participants activation of cultural stereotypes, alternatively, was assessed with a word pronunciation task. Specifically, participants, who were classified as high or low in prejudice, were presented with a category prime (Black, White, or CCC [a neutral baseline]) followed by a positive or negative Black stereotypic target word or nonstereotypic target word. Their task was simply to pronounce the target word. Response latency was the dependent measure. A number of studies have revealed that this procedure may produce a particularly sensitive measure of automatic processing because the paradigm does not foster task-specific strategies that can obscure the effects of automaticity (Balota Chumbly, 1984; Balota Lorch, 1986; Bargh, Chaiken, Raymond, Hymes, 1996; Joordens Besner, 1992; Ratcliff McKoon, 1988). Conditions for automatic and controlled processing were induced in this paradigm by varying the length of time between the onset of the presentation of the prime and the presentation of the target word. Under short SOAs (stimulus onset asynchronies) (300 ms), responses were assumed to be automatic because the stimuli were presented too briefly for participants to engage, focus, and commit attention intentionally to their responses (Neely, 1977, 1991). Long SOAs (2,000 ms) were assumed to permit more controlled processes because participants had sufficient time to manipulate their responses strategically. In the present study, the repeated presentation of racial category primes and stereotypic traits makes the racial focus of the task salient, which normally produces motivations to respond in socially desirable, unbiased ways (Dovidio Fazio, 1992), even in simple response latency tasks (Messick Mackie, 1989).

How Charles Dickens’ Life Influenced Oliver Twist Essay -- essays pape

How Charles Dickens’ Life Influenced Oliver Twist â€Å"The range of his creative activity is, in the first place, limited to the world of his youth† (Cecil 169). This quote explains many people. What has previously happened to a person has a tremendous impact on them. It can affect their decisions, emotions, and life. The life of a person can sometimes be seen quite easily through what they do. Artists often reveal what their life has been like through the works that they create. The same can be said about writers. Events in authors past often show up in his works. The above quote is, in fact, made in regard to Charles Dickens. Dickens had several real life experiences of poverty and abandonment in his life that influenced his work, Oliver Twist. The times of poverty and abandonment in Charles Dickens’ life instilled a political belief in Dickens’ mind against the new poor laws of Great Britain. Dickens’ felt the new poor laws victimized the poor, failed to give the poor a voice, and were in need of change. These points are shown in Oliver Twist through the characters, scenes, and narration Dickens’ uses throughout the book. Dickens lived a life full of events that would later influence his novels. Dickens grew up during a time of change for Great Britain. By the time he was born in 1812, the Industrial Revolution was in full force. Dickens grew up as a normal middle-class child in Portsmouth, Great Britain. It was around the age of twelve that his life took a drastic turn. Dickens was still a child when his father was imprisoned for debt. Families, at this time, lived with the father in prison. Charles did not live in prison, though. Instead, he was sent to live alone and become a laborer at Warren’s Blacking Facto... ...r Twist† The Immortal Dickens. London, 1925. 63-87. Rpt in Oliver Twist. Ed. Fred Kaplan. New York: Norton & Company, 1993. Skim Greene, Graham. â€Å"The Young Dickens.† Collected Essays. 1969. Rpt. in Nineteenth Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 3. Ed. Laurie L. Harris. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1983. Pg. 176. MacKenzie, Jeanne. Dickens, A Life. USA: British Library Cataloguing in Publication, 1979. Skim. Murray, Brian. Charles Dickens. New York: Continuum, 1994. Skim Paroissien, David. Letter to Noah Laible, 15 Feb 2000. Taine, Hippolyte A. History of English Literature, Vol 4. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1965. Pg. 117-163. Wall, Stephan. â€Å"The Letters of Charles Dickens, 1856-1858.† Essays in Criticism 47.1 (1997): 78-87. Wills, Garry. â€Å"Love in the lower depths.† The New York Review of Books 26 Oct 1989: 60-68.

Boeing 700 :: Essays Papers

Boeing 700 The Boeing 700’s are very capable of handling duties in the commercial and military world. The Boeing 700’s are capable of handling many tasks in the commercial and military world. With the introduction of the 707 in the late fifties to the most recent 777 in the early nineties the, 700’s have dominated the commercial world for five decades. They are a line of aircraft that are capable of handling many roles from basic civilian transport to various military needs. They are the people movers of the 20th century. Each with a large carrying capacity combined with the range of a jet aircraft they have moved more people longer distances than what was once thought possible. Boeing has truly produced some of the greatest aircraft in history. The various duties that the 700’s perform are quite extraordinary. It all started in the fifties. There was a growing demand for a commercial airliner that could move a greater number of people farther and faster. The age of the jet engine still had not reached to civilian transportation. There was still a fear of the jet because of lack of reliability, but with the advancement of technology the jet engine now had become more even reliable than the piston engine. The need for a jet engine powered plane was growing. Airlines still were looking for a plane that could cross the Atlantic Ocean without a refueling stop. The Lockheed Super Connies, a piston powered plane, were able to cross the Atlantic Ocean with out stopping on the eastbound leg, but they had to stop in Gander, Newfoundland to refuel on the westbound leg. The airlines desired a plane that could easily travel the Atlantic with out a stop. The piston engine just wasn’t going to do it, the jet engine was the answer to the question. Boeing realized this and moved to look for a design for a jet powered plane. At first Boeing was looking to modify existing aircraft with jet engines to perform the tasks. They quickly realized that they needed a whole new aircraft. The Boeing 707 was born. The first Boeing 707 was delivered to Pan America airlines in May of 1958 (Bauer, 218). Sales started out slow in fact the 707 almost died many times in it’s first couple years of existence.

Grown up woman Essay

Sheila is disappointed with her lover (Gerald) she angry with her parents, because they seem more anxious to impress the inspector with their social position then to look deep into their own hearts â€Å"and can’t you see both of you, you’re making it worse†. She’s irritated at the blindness of those who can not see what she has come to realize. Gerald’s confessions are followed by what is revealed about Mrs. Birling heartless refusal to help Eva Smith. Sheila’s reaction is very very important. Her own feelings of guilt, her changed feelings towards Gerald, her irritation with her parents must be shown. AT the same time the audience must see how she reacts to the inspector as someone who is changing their lives of many in that room. Towards the end of act 2 tensions builds up when the inspectors’ investigation and Mrs. Birlings reply begin to be pointing towards Eric having had a connection with Eva. Sheila tries desperately to stop her mother making a bigger fool of herself â€Å"mother- I begged you and begged you to stop† she says at the end. It is at this moment that Eric appears the panic and distress and helplessness must be shown in your face. In act 3 events move towards the climax and Sheila is a key figure in the action even she may not be one stage all of the time. The inspectors questioning have began to draw out each character an admission of responsibility for what happened to Eva Smith though not all of them feel guilt in the way in which Sheila and later Eric come to see. What comes to light about Eric is deeply upsetting to Birling and his wife. He drinks heavily he’s the father of Eva’s child, he has stolen money from his father. The respectable outside of the Birling family is seen to be full off hypocrisies and dishonesty. Both Birling and Mrs. Birling are rattled. â€Å"But each of you helped to kill her. Remember that. Never forget that.† Birlings reaction too the disclosures about Eric is typical â€Å"I’ve got to cover up this up as soon as I can†. By fouls means he must prevent the scandal from getting known. He even begins to appeal to the inspector â€Å"look inspector- I’d give thousands yes thousands†. He feels no guilt but he only wants to use his money to hide the truth from getting known. The inspector leaves having made one final speech about â€Å"fire and blood and anguish† that will follow if people do not realize that â€Å"we are responsible for each other†. It is one of the most important dramatic scenes in the play. Sheila and Eric are completely affected by what the inspector has said. The senior Birlings feel no guilt they don’t think they have done anything wrong â€Å"it turned out unfortunately, that’s all†. There is no change of heart. When Sheila repeats the fathers last words â€Å"that’s all† she says it scornfully because she realizes her parents will not change. AT this stage you should show through your facial expression and the way in which you speak that your meeting with the inspector has been almost a religious experience. Later on when the inspector proved to be a hoax the others relax but not Sheila or Eric. To Sheila the inspector is a supernatural being â€Å"there was something curious about him. He never seemed to be an ordinary police inspector†. It is in relation to this that the audience must judge the reactions of the senior Birlings and Gerald when they learn that there is no inspector Goole . To you that is irrelevant because he has already changed your life and Eric’s also. He is more then a real inspector. When Birling says â€Å"it makes all the difference† your reaction must be one of bitterness and disbelief as you say â€Å"I suppose we’re all nice people now†. You can not believe that their moral sense can be so distorted. There are discussions later about the photographs of Eva Smith followed by news at the end of a woman who is indeed dead. This is dramatic but the real climax is when it becomes obvious to the audience that the inspector’s message about our responsibility for others that â€Å"we don’t live alone† has been forcefully made. It will remain true regardless of whether the inspector was real and whether there ever was an Eva Smith. It is important for you too show the change that takes place in Sheila Birling through the reactions to the inspectors question your disgraced about the selfishness of your parents and the part you also played. You must show the entire change from you being a naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve girl turning into a grown up woman.  Priestly passes a great moral message in this story and enforces several times. We are all equal and we do not live alone we must look out for each other regardless of social class.

Space Law Essay Example

Space Law Essay Example Space Law Essay Space Law Essay Jr. , â€Å"China up there. (On the Right)†, National Review, March 5, 2007 Colonna, Thomas E. Thomas, Desencia E. â€Å"Be Careful Saving the World From Near-Earth-Orbit Objects: You May Be Breaking the Law. † Mercury, Vol. 8 Issue 5, September/October 1999 Curtis, Anthony R. PH. D. , â€Å"Covering Space From Earth to the Edge of the Universe†, Space Today Online, www. spacetoday. org Dhanapala, Jayantha. â€Å"The Outer Space Treaty at Thirty-Five. † United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) http://disarmament2. un. org/speech/14oct2002. htm Diederiks-Verschoor, I. H. Philepina, â€Å"An Introduction to Space Law†, Kluwer Law International, 1999 Graham, Thomas â€Å"International Law and the Military Uses of Space† Disarmament Diplomacy, Issue No. 63, March/April 2002 Krepon, Michael, Lost in Space: The Misguided Drive Toward Antisatellite Weapons†, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 80, No. 3, May/June 2001 Meredith, Pamela, The Legality of A High-Technology Missile Defense System: The ABM and Outer Space Treaties, The American Journal of International Law, April 1984 Oberg, James, â€Å"The Heavens at War†, New Scientist, Issue No. 2293, June 3, 2001 Taggart, Stewart , â€Å"Australians Take Mir Deorbit Risks in Stride†, Space. com, March 20 ,2001 space. com/news/spacestation/esperance_mir_010320. html â€Å"Key Documents in the History of Space Policy. † National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://history. nasa. gov/spdocs. html â€Å"Space, Aviation, and Admiralty Law. † Worldwide Legal Directories hg. org/transp. html UNOOSA United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs unoosa. org/oosa/index. html Britannica Online Encyclopedia, britannica. com/bps/home

Flow Control and Data Compression Essays

Flow Control and Data Compression Essays Flow Control and Data Compression Essay Flow Control and Data Compression Essay Firstly flow control shall be looked at and the methods it undergoes when being implemented. Flow control is an efficient way of handling data when its to be sent to an external entity. For example this maybe the likes of a printer, further a modem may be the entity. All information that is to be sent to the entities must have a place to be stored. This is within the built in buffer, when the memory gets to full flow control is implemented and the jobs again can be stored. This ensures a faster speed of processing jobs whether they be print jobs or e-mails and helps maintain stability.Flow ControlAn example of flow control to be used will be the sending of information to a printer. A printer will contain what is known as a buffer. A buffer is there to aid the printer when to many jobs are sent. For example the user send 4 jobs to the printer these are then all queued in the buffer. This limit cannot be exceeded and if tried the printer will communicate with the computer and will say that it cannot receive any more information at the current time. It does this by saying x-off. When the list has been completed and printed all documents from the buffer the printer will say x-on and this resumes printing the 5th job that was unable to fit into the buffer.Another example of above would be the sending of an e-mail through the modem. If multiple e-mails are to be sent at once then they will be stored within the buffer. When the buffer is full and another job is sent the modem will say to the computer not to send any more. It does this by using CTS clear to send Once all jobs are finished from the modem it can carry out the jobs that were not able to fit into the buffer originally. It does this by saying RTS ready to sendData CompressionIntroductionThere are a few forms of data compression and they will be explained in a little more detail throughout. Data compression plays a big part in then world today. Compression is a key factor to system speeds and size and is pre dominantly used within communications; this is to ensure fewer bits are sent (therefore less bandwidth is used). When this has been accomplished faster communication speeds can be achieved. There are many forms of data compression however only a few have been standardised.Also a few negatives may be derived from data compression. When data has been compressed and sent over the network it is in a reduced form. This saves speed as previously said. The problem with this is the decompression methodology at the other end. If this algorithm/process is not very efficient then the overall speed may not decrease that significantly at all.Run Length EncodingIt is important to compress data to make file sizes smaller and increase speed times. When sending faxes users wish to send the information at the quickest speeds possible and this may only be done by the use of compression. For example if a page was made of black and white dots and was to be sent, instead of writing W W W W W W W W B B B W to represent white dots we may write 8W, this represents 8 white dots. There are also three black dots present and this would then be written as follows, 8W3B1W Overall this would compress a bigger file size immensely. It is called R.L.E run length encoding.White Space CompressionAnother example of data compression would be when uploading a web page using html coding. As html coding will contain masses of white on the page, for example spaces and so fourth, further there is a mass of unneeded tags. This can be compressed to make the file size smaller.Error Detection and CorrectionIntroductionError detection and correction is used to validate data when it is sent. There are many channels and places where errors in data can occur and there are forms of detection to help avoid this. The methods used shall be described below.When data is sent over the internet in the form of an instant message for example it will be sent (each character) in ASCII code. ASCII code is made of a 7 bit bi nary number and represents each character thats found on the keyboard. When a message is sent an eight bit is put at the beginning of the ASCII code, this is called a parity bit, and helps in error detection. There are many types of things that can cause errors and the parity bit helps fight this.Even parity: When the 7bit binary number is sent (1011000) we need to add parity. This would be in the form of a one; the number to be sent would then be 11011000. When this number is sent the recipient should be aware that the form being sent is an even parity. When received, the computer will be well aware if an error has occurred as the ASCII code will contain an odd number of 1s. This is the same with the Odd Parity Check. However with the odd parity check its essential to maintain an odd number of 1s.This process is simple and is not a sure way to detect errors. For example if a burst of errors were to occur, the ASCII code would turn into a even or odd respectively again, as was sent in the first place, so this is a floor in the check, further it only has a 50:50 chance of detecting burst errors.Error CorrectionError correction is a simple process. When sending information such as text, for example mother and donkey, there are a number of ways in which the computer can correct the errors that have occurred.WordCharacter DifferenceMother DonkeyCommentLikely MatchDonkey40Perfect Match to donkey but 4 to motherDonkeyHotter24Closer to mother than donkeyMotherMother04Perfect match to mother and maximum difference to donkeyMotherMither15Closer to mother than donkeyMotherMonkey31Closer to donkey than motherDonkeyCables55As close to mother as donkey. Cannot determine correct message.The process is simple. The programme will try to match the exact phrase to a list of comparisons and will then define what fits into the original word the best. This will work on the process of elimination and when complete can define what the exact word should be.